The people and the officials were initially excited about his ascension, as he was viewed by them to be intelligent, articulate, and capable. However, under Emperor Ai, corruption became even more prevalent and heavy taxes were levied on the people. Furthermore, Emperor Ai was highly controlled by his grandmother Consort Fu , who improperly demanded the title of Grand Empress Dowager -- even though she had never been an empress previously and therefore did not properly have that title, and this led to the unprecedented and unrepeated situation of four women possessing empress dowager titles at the same time -- Empress Wang , Empress Zhao Feiyan , Consort Fu, and Consort Ding .
Consort Fu's control of the political scene extended until her death in 2 BC, and due to her jealousy of Consort Feng Yuan, another consort of Emperor Yuan's and the grandmother of the future , was falsely accused of witchcraft, and Consort Feng was forced to commit suicide. During Emperor Ai's reign, he also stripped the Wang clan , which had been powerful during Emperor Cheng's reign, of much of their power, and substituted members of the Fu and Ding clans in their stead . In an unpopular act, Emperor Ai had his prime minister Wang Jia put to death for criticizing him, an act that made him appear tyrannical. Emperor Ai's shortcomings quickly led to the demoralization of the people towards the government and the acquisition of power by Wang Mang, in a backlash, after Ai died in 1 BC.
Emperor Ai was also famous for being a or emperor of China. Traditional historians characterized the relationship between Emperor Ai and Dong Xian as one between homosexual lovers and referred to their relationship as "the passion of the cut sleeve" after a story that one afternoon after falling asleep for a nap on the same bed, Emperor Ai cut off his sleeve rather than disturb the sleeping Dong Xian when he had to get out of bed. Dong was given progressively higher and higher posts as part of the relationship, eventually becoming the supreme commander of the armed forces at the time of Emperor Ai's death. After Emperor Ai's death, Dong was forced by Wang to commit suicide.
Family background and early life as the Prince of Dingtao
Emperor Ai was born to , the brother to then-reigning Emperor Cheng and son to Emperor Yuan, and his wife Consort Ding, in 27 BC, presumably at Prince Kang's principality . From birth, he was raised by his paternal grandmother, the domineering Consort Fu, and not by his mother. Prince Kang died in 23 BC, and the four-year old Prince Xin became the Prince of Dingtao.
In 9 BC, the then-18-year-old Prince Xin impressed his uncle Emperor Cheng when on an official visit to the capital Chang'an, when he brought three key officials of his principality -- his teacher, his prime minister, and the commander of his capital's defense forces -- to accompany him and cited the proper legal regulations that, in his opinion, required and allowed him to bring them with him . He also showed clear understanding of the Confucian classic ''Shi Jing'', further impressing Emperor Cheng. At that time, the sonless Emperor Cheng was beginning to consider making either his younger brother or his nephew Prince Xin his heir. Emperor Cheng became convinced that Prince Xin was more capable, and at the same time, Prince Xin's grandmother Consort Fu was endearing herself to Emperor Cheng's wife Empress Zhao Feiyan, her sister and Emperor Cheng's favorite Consort Zhao Hede, and Emperor Cheng's uncle Wang Gen with lavish gifts, and so the Zhaos and Wang Gen both praised Prince Xin as well. Emperor Cheng therefore seriously considered making Prince Xin his heir.
In 8 BC, Emperor Cheng summoned several key officials to discuss with him who would be the more proper heir. The majority, perhaps seeing that Emperor Cheng was leaning toward Prince Xin, recommended him, citing the general rule of succession that when one lacked an heir, he should adopt a brother's child to be his own son and heir; one official recommended Prince Xing under the rationale that he was closer in bloodline with the emperor. Emperor Cheng, whose mind was fairly made up, created Prince Xin crown prince. In an act praised one as showing humility, Prince Xin declined the honor of living at the crown prince's palace, stating that he was only at the capital to serve Emperor Cheng until Emperor Cheng would produce an heir and that he should stay at the Dingtao mission in the capital.
As crown prince
Whether Emperor Cheng was formally ''adopting'' Prince Xin would quickly become a major controversy. Emperor Cheng viewed the fact that he created Prince Xin as crown prince as formal adoption, and he believed that Prince Xin was now his son, no longer Prince Kang's. When he created a cousin to be the new prince of Dingtao to serve as Prince Kang's heir in winter 8 BC, Prince Xin, grateful that his father would continued to be worshipped as an ancestor, submitted a formal note of thanksgiving -- at which Emperor Cheng was highly offended, believing that Prince Xin should not be grateful any more for whatever is done for his birth father.
Emperor Cheng's desire to have Prince Xin act as only his son extended to the arena of Prince Xin's relationship with his grandmother Consort Fu and his mother Consort Ding. Emperor Cheng decreed that Consort Fu and Consort Ding be required to remain in Dingtao and not be allowed to come to Chang'an to visit Prince Xin. Some time later, Emperor Cheng's mother , not wanting to continue these harsh regulations, decreed that Princess Dowager Fu be allowed to see Prince Xin, under the rationale that she, having raised him, was merely in the role of a wet nurse. Consort Ding, however, would continue not be allowed to see Prince Xin.
Emperor Cheng died suddenly in 7 BC, apparently from a stroke . Crown Prince Xin ascended the throne as Emperor Ai. Empress Dowager Wang, as his step-grandmother became grand empress dowager, and Empress Zhao became empress dowager. He created , the daughter of his grandmother Princess Dowager Fu's cousin Fu Yan , empress.
As emperor
Early reign -- optimism
Emperor Ai, aged 20 at his ascension, quickly ended Emperor Cheng's practice of delegating imperial authorities to his uncles and cousins of the Wang clan and appeared diligent in his rule. He also reduced spending greatly. Both the officials and the people thought that after the reigns of the indecisive Emperor Yuan and the impulsive and lavish spending Emperor Cheng, there would finally be a capable emperor.
In 7 BC, under Emepror Ai's auspices, a major proposal to reduce involuntary servitude was made by several officials -- princes would be limited to 200 servants, marquesses and princesses to 100 servants, and other nobility and commoners to 30 servants, and that servants would be set free after a service of three years. However, after the proposal was leaked, many servant owners pushed to have the proposal tabled, and Emperor Ai only issued a limited version of the proposal -- freeing servants over age 50.
Optimism shattered
The issue of the roles of Princess Dowager Fu and Consort Ding , however, would quickly again erupt into a major controversy. Initially, Grand Empress Dowager Wang decreed that Princess Dowager Fu and Consort Ding see him periodically, every 10 days. However, Princess Dowager Fu quickly began to visit her grandson everyday, and she insisted that two things be done: that she receive an empress dowager title, and that her relatives be granted titles, like the Wangs. Grand Empress Dowager Wang, sympathetic of the bind that Emepror Ai was in, first granted Prince Kang the unusual title of "Emperor Gong of Dingtao" and then, under the rationale of that title, granted Princess Dowager Fu the title "Empress Dowager Gong of Dingtao" and Consort Ding the title "Empress Gong of Dingtao" . Several members of the Fu and Ding clans were created marquesses. Grand Empress Dowager Wang also ordered her nephew Wang Mang, the commander of the armed forces, to resign and transfer power to the Fus and the Dings. Emperor Ai declined and begged Wang Mang to stay in his administration.
Several months later, however, Wang Mang would come into direct confrontation with now-Empress Dowager Fu. At a major imperial banquet, the official in charge of seating placed Empress Dowager Fu's seat next to Grand Empress Dowager Wang's. When Wang Mang saw this, he rebuked the official and ordered that Empress Dowager Fu's seat be moved to the side, which drew great ire from Empress Dowager Fu, who refused to attend the banquet. To sooth her anger, Wang Mang resigned, and Emperor Ai approved his resignation. After Wang Mang's resignation, the Wangs gradually and inexorably began to lose their power. At Empress Dowager Fu's behest, the Fus and the Dings were installed in their place.
Empress Dowager Fu was not satisfied with what she saw was her inferior title . Several key officials who opposed her move were reduced to commoner status without any other fault -- including the prime minister Kong Guang and the prime inspector Shi Dan -- two of the top three officials of the administration. The third one, Empress Dowager Fu's cousin Fu Xi , who also opposed Empress Dowager Fu's actions notwithstanding his relationship with her, was removed from his position and sent back to his .
In 6 BC, Empress Dowager Fu would further display her power and at the same time cause the people to be even more disappointed in Emperor Ai. Emperor Ai's cousin Liu Jizi , the Prince of Zhongshan , had a congenital heart disorder, and his grandmother Feng Yuan, the princess dowager, cared for his treatment and often worshipped gods to pray for his healing. Emperor Ai, up on hearing his cousin's illness, sent imperial physicians along with his attendant Zhang You to go to Zhongshan to treat Prince Jizi. Zhang, however, was himself afflicted with a psychiatric condition , and when he got to Zhongshan, he suddenly, in a rage, left there and returned to Chang'an. Once he did and was ordered to explain his conduct, he made up a false reason -- that he had discovered that Princess Dowager Feng was using witchcraft to curse Emperor Ai and Empress Dowager Fu. Empress Dowager Fu and Princess Dowager Feng were romantic rivals when they were both consorts to Emperor Yuan, and Empress Dowager Fu decided to use this opportunity to strike at Princess Dowager Feng. She sent a eunuch, Shi Li , to serve as investigator, and Shi tortured a good number of Princess Dowager Feng's relations , some to death, but still could not build a solid case against Princess Dowager Feng. Shi Li decided to show Princess Dowager Feng who was actually behind the investigation, by referring to an incident in which then-Consort Feng defended Emperor Yuan against a bear which had broken loose. Princess Dowager Feng, realizing that Empress Dowager Fu was behind the investigation, went back to her palace and committed suicide. In total, 17 members of the Feng clan died as a result of the investigations. This was immediately viewed as a political case, and officials and the people all became disappointed in Emperor Ai.
In 5 BC, Empress Dowager Fu would finally get what she wanted. Emperor Ai removed the qualification "of Dingtao" from his father's posthumous title , and then gave his grandmother a variation of the grand empress dowager title and his mother a variation of the empress dowager title , and there were therefore now four official empresses dowager in the capital, each with a full budget. That year, the new Empress Dowager Ding died.
During these years, other than the palatial infighting, what plagued Emperor Ai's administration was the general situation where good proposals would be made to Emperor Ai, and then he would approve of them personally but not take any actual actions on them. Further, he was harsh in his punishments of officials who disagreed with him -- including, but not limited to, the issue of his grandmother and mother's titles. He would often backtrack in these punishments as well after some time, which also made him appear indecisive. He would also quickly promote officials that he saw as capable and honest and then, as soon as that capability or honesty offended him in some way, demote them. His temper might have been related to the fact that he was also constantly ill, although the nature of the illness is not known.
The rise of Dong Xian
Circa 4 BC, Emperor Ai would enter into a relationship that would further made him incapable of making decisions other than out of impulse. he began to favor the minor official Dong Xian, and historians largely believed that they had a homosexual relationship , and he bestowed many honors on Dong quickly. Dong and his wife moved into the palace, and Dong's sister became an imperial consort. Dong's father was made an acting marquess . Emperor Ai also ordered that a luxurious residence, as luxurious as an imperial palace, be built for Dong. All who opposed these honors for Dong were severely punished.
In 3 BC, against opposition by his prime minister Wang Jia , Emperor Ai created Dong the Marquess of Gao'an, even though he had no achievements to speak of. In 2 BC, Wang would put himself in danger by submitting a report to Emperor Ai, in which he urged that the honors bestowed on Dong be curbed, so that Dong would not suffer the same fate of 's favorite Deng Tong , who starved to death after his assets were confiscated by Emperor Wen's son and 's favorite Han Yan , who was executed by after being accused of improperly assuming imperial style). Later that year, when Wang opposed the enlargement of Dong's march, Emperor Ai had him accused falsely of crimes and forced him to commit suicide, an act that, to the people, showed that Emperor Ai had no further regard for what was right. Later that year, Dong would made the commander of the armed forces -- at age 22 -- and effectively the most powerful official in the administration. Several members of the Dong clan became important officials as well, displacing the Fus and the Dings -- after Grand Empress Dowager Fu died in 2 BC as well.
Death
Emperor Ai died in 1 BC. It is not clear what the exact cause of death was, but he appeared to succumb to illnesses from which he had always suffered. After his death, Grand Empress Dowager would act quickly to seize his seal and to seize power back from Dong Xian, reinstating Wang Mang as the regent. Emperor Ai would be succeeded by his cousin Prince Jizi, as , but the damage he inflicted on the imperial rule had been done, paving the way for Wang Mang to seize the throne nine years later. Emperor Ai's abuse of power, first influenced by his grandmother and then by his love for Dong, caused the people and the officials to yearn for the return of the Wangs, allowing them to be caught up in Wang Mang's personality cult and easily succumb to his charm.
Era names
*''Jianping'' 6 BC-3 BC
*''Yuanshou'' 2 BC-1 BC
Personal information
* Father
** Prince Kang of Dingtao, half-brother of and son of Emperor Yuan of Han
* Mother
** Consort Ding
* Wife
** Empress Fu, forced by Wang Mang to commit suicide 1 BC
* Major Concubines
** Consort Dong, Dong Xian's sister
* Children
** none
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